# Validium: Enhancing Ethereum Scalability

Validium represents a cutting-edge scaling solution that boosts transaction throughput without storing transaction data on the Ethereum Mainnet. By employing validity proofs similar to ZK-rollups, Validium maintains transaction integrity while utilizing off-chain data storage.

#### What is Validium?

Validiums are designed to enhance Ethereum's transaction processing capabilities by executing transactions off the Mainnet. Utilizing off-chain data availability and computation, these scaling solutions share similarities with zero-knowledge rollups (ZK-rollups) by publishing validity proofs on Ethereum to prevent invalid state transitions, thus bolstering security. The validity proofs utilized include ZK-SNARKs and ZK-STARKs, offering robust security through zero-knowledge proofs.

Users' funds in a Validium setup are managed by a smart contract on Ethereum, enabling near-instant withdrawals akin to ZK-rollups. Upon Mainnet verification of a withdrawal request's validity proof, users can execute withdrawals through Merkle proofs, validating their transactions in a verified batch.

However, a key distinction of Validium from ZK-rollups is the potential for users' funds to become inaccessible if data availability managers withhold off-chain state data. This lack of transaction data prevents users from generating the necessary Merkle proof for fund withdrawal, highlighting the critical role of data availability.

#### How Do Validiums Scale Ethereum?

**1. Off-Chain Data Storage**

Layer 2 scaling solutions like Validium and various rollups aim to balance scalability with security but differ in their approach to data storage. Validium sets itself apart by keeping all transaction data off-chain, only posting state commitments and validity proofs to the Ethereum chain for state updates. This approach reduces the data burden on Ethereum, significantly improving throughput while maintaining high security levels through validity proofs.

**2. Recursive Proofs**

Recursive proofs, or "proofs of proofs," aggregate multiple validity proofs into a single proof that verifies the integrity of several blocks simultaneously. This aggregation allows for a substantial increase in the number of transactions verified per proof, significantly enhancing processing speeds. By utilizing recursive proofs, Validium can validate multiple blocks with a single proof, instantly finalizing all underlying transactions upon on-chain verification.

Through these mechanisms, Validium offers a scalable, secure, and efficient method for enhancing Ethereum's transaction capabilities, addressing key challenges in blockchain scalability and data management.
